SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Patio process</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Patio process</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

<p>The <b>patio process</b> is a process for extracting <a href="Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> from <a href="Ore" title="Ore">ore</a>. <a href="Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a>, or <a href="Refining" title="Refining">refining</a>, is most often necessary because silver is only infrequently found as a <a href="Native_element_mineral" title="Native element mineral">native element</a> like some metals nobler than the <a href="Redox" title="Redox">redox</a> couple 2 <span class="Unicode"> </span><a href="Hydron" title="Hydron">H<sup>+</sup></a> + 2 <span class="Unicode"> </span><i>e</i><sup>−</sup>⇌ <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> (<a href="Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, ...). Instead, it is made up of a larger ore body. Thus, smelting, or refining, is necessary to reduce the compound containing the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><span class="chemf nowrap">Ag<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> <a href="Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cation</a> into metallic Ag and to remove other byproducts to get at pure silver.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process, which uses mercury <a href="Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgamation</a> to recover silver from ore, was first used at scale by <a href="Bartolom%C3%A9_de_Medina_(mining_specialist)" title="Bartolomé de Medina (mining specialist)">Bartolomé de Medina</a> in <a href="Pachuca" title="Pachuca">Pachuca</a>, <a href="Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, in 1554.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It replaced smelting as the primary method of extracting silver from ore at Spanish colonies in the Americas. Although some knowledge of amalgamation techniques were likely known since the classical era, it was in the New World that it was first used on a large industrial scale.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other amalgamation processes were later developed, importantly the <a href="Pan_amalgamation" title="Pan amalgamation">pan amalgamation</a> process, and its variant, the <a href="Washoe_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Washoe process">Washoe process</a>. The silver separation process generally differed from <a href="Gold_parting" title="Gold parting">gold parting</a> and <a href="Gold_extraction" title="Gold extraction">gold extraction</a>, although amalgamation with mercury is also sometimes used to extract gold. While gold was often found in the Americas as a <a href="Native_metal" title="Native metal">native metal</a> or <a href="Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a>, silver was often found as a compound such as <a href="Silver_chloride" title="Silver chloride">silver chloride</a> and <a href="Silver_sulfide" title="Silver sulfide">silver sulfide</a>, and therefore required <a href="Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">mercury amalgamation</a> for refinement.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_the_patio_process">Development of the patio process</h2></div>

<p>Bartolomé de Medina was a successful Spanish merchant who became fascinated with the problem of decreasing silver yields from ores mined in Spanish America. By the mid-sixteenth century, it was well known in Spain that American silver production was in decline due to the depletion of high-grade ores and increasing production costs. The <a href="New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws</a>, prohibiting the enslavement of Indians, had resulted in higher labor costs as miners turned to wage labor and expensive African slaves. These higher production costs made mining and smelting anything but the highest grade silver ores prohibitively expensive, just as the availability of high grade ores was in decline.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bartolomé de Medina initially focused his attentions on learning about new smelting methods from smelters in Spain. He was approached during his research by an unknown German man, known only as "Maestro Lorenzo," who told him that silver could be extracted from ground ores using mercury and a salt-water brine.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this knowledge, Medina left Spain for New Spain (<a href="Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>) in 1554 and established a model patio refinery in order to prove the effectiveness of the new technology. Medina is generally credited with adding "magistral" (a type of <a href="Copper_sulfate" title="Copper sulfate">copper sulfate</a> CuSO<sub>4</sub> derived from <a href="Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrites</a>) to the mercury and salt-water (H<sub>2</sub>O · NaCl) solution in order to <a href="Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyze</a> the amalgamation reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians assert that there were already sufficient copper sulfates in the local ores and that no additional magistral was needed, though others argue that while naturally occurring copper sulfates allowed for potential amalgamation sans magistral, the erratic results of this method made magistral a key component of the effective refinement of ore on a large scale.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of whether or not Medina's contribution was entirely original, he promoted his process to local miners and was able to obtain a patent from the Viceroy of New Spain. As a result, he is generally credited with the invention of silver amalgamation in the form of the patio process.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The effectiveness of this method was such that when German experts arrived in America in the late 1700s to teach the newest amalgamation technology, they admitted they did not believe they could improve upon the American method in its context. Friedrich Sonneschmidt, a German refiner, stated: "It is not to be expected that there will ever be found a method by which all varieties of ore can be refined, having expenses lower than or even equal to those required by the <i>patio</i> <a href="Beneficiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Beneficiation">beneficiation</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amalgamation was so efficient that a refiner could turn a profit even if the ores were poor enough to yield only 1.5 <a href="Ounce" title="Ounce">oz</a> of silver per 100 <a href="Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">lbs</a> of original material.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_elements_of_the_patio_process">Basic elements of the patio process</h2></div>

<p>Before being taken to the <i>ingenio</i> (amalgamation refinery), excess material would be broken off of the silver ore. At the refiner, it was ground to a fine sand <i>(harina)</i> by an <i><a href="Arrastra" title="Arrastra">arrastra</a></i> or <a href="Stamp_mills" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamp mills">stamp mill</a>, which consisted of a rotating shaft fitted with heavy iron stamps that crushed the ore against a mortar block.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>harina</i> was then placed in heaps of 2,000 lbs or more, to which was added <a href="Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, water, magistral (essentially an impure form of <a href="Copper_sulfate" title="Copper sulfate">copper sulfate</a>, CuSO<sub>4</sub>), and mercury. This was then mixed by bare-legged Indian laborers or by horses or mules and spread in a 1-to-2-foot-thick (0.30 to 0.61 m) layer in a <a href="Patio" title="Patio">patio</a> (a shallow-walled, open enclosure). After six to eight weeks of mixing and soaking in the sun, a complex reaction converted the silver to native metal, which formed an <a href="Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgam</a> with the mercury. The mixture was then washed and strained through a canvas bag before being placed into a hooded oven.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heating this amalgam vaporized the mercury, leaving the silver.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mercury vapor would then <a href="Condensation" title="Condensation">condense</a> on the cooled hood, where it could be collected and reused.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of salt and copper sulfate varied from one-quarter to ten pounds of one or the other, or both, per ton of ore treated. The decision of how much of each ingredient to add, how much mixing was needed, and when to halt the process depended on the skill of an <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">azoguero</i></span> (English: <a href="Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">quicksilver</a> man). The loss of mercury in amalgamation processes is generally one to two times the weight of silver recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The patio process was the first form of amalgamation. However, it is unclear whether this process or a similar process—in which amalgamation occurred in heated vats rather than open patios—was the predominant form of amalgamation in New Spain, as the earliest known illustration of the patio process dates from 1761. There is substantial evidence that both processes were used from an early date in New Spain, while open patios were never adopted in <a href="Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Andean refiners placed milled ore in stone tanks vaulted over a fire, which helped accelerate amalgamation by mitigating the bitterly cold temperatures at the high elevation of the Andean mines.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both processes required that ore be crushed and refiners quickly established mills to process ore once amalgamation was introduced. Water mills were common in the Andes, powered by man-made dams, while in New Spain, where water was relatively scarce, mills were often powered by horses or other draft animals.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Due to amalgamation's reliance upon mercury, an expansion of mercury production was central to the expansion of silver production. A key source of mercury was at <a href="Huancavelica" title="Huancavelica">Huancavelica</a>, Peru, where vast deposits were discovered in 1563.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional mercury was sourced from <a href="Almad%C3%A9n" title="Almadén">Almadén</a>, Spain, and <a href="Idrija" title="Idrija">Idrija</a> in present-day Slovenia.<sup id="cite_ref-desastre_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desastre-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From shortly after the invention of mercury amalgamation to the end of the colonial period, the Spanish crown maintained a monopoly on mercury production and distribution, ensuring a steady supply of royal income. Fluctuations in mercury prices generally resulted in corresponding increases and decreases in silver production.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crown control over these prices could be used to intentionally depress or stimulate silver production in Spanish colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Broader_historical_significance">Broader historical significance</h2></div>

<p>The introduction of amalgamation to silver refining in the Americas not only ended the mid-sixteenth century crisis in silver production, it also inaugurated a rapid expansion of silver production in New Spain and Peru as miners could now profitably mine lower-grade ores. In addition, places that were rich in ore but too isolated from indigenous populations or forests for the labor- and fuel-intensive smelting method to be profitable, as was the case with <a href="Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> in modern-day <a href="Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, were now viable.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this expansion, the Americas became the primary producer of the world's silver, with Spanish America producing three-fifths of the world's silver supply prior to 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Increased silver production due to the introduction of mercury amalgamation resulted in an increased demand for labor. In <a href="New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, mining labor was initially supplied by the <i><a href="Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a></i> system or by enslaved Indians before transitioning to a <i><a href="Repartimiento" title="Repartimiento">repartimiento</a></i> rotating labor system, but by the early 1600s, the majority of workers were Indian free wage or debt peonage workers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <i>naboríos</i> were free, unattached Indians who contracted themselves out for sustenance and payment. Spaniards tended to distrust <i>naboríos</i> and accused them of profiteering by stealing ore, taking advances and fleeing, or contracting themselves out to multiple employers at a time.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, the mines in New Spain increasingly relied on <i>naboríos,</i> who constituted over two thirds of mine workers in the region. <i>Repartimiento</i> Indian workers made up roughly seventeen percent of laborers, with another fourteen percent composed of Black slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the Spanish colonies, white men typically took positions as supervisors or mine owners.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The introduction of silver amalgamation allowed for an expansion of silver production in Peru that had profound consequences for Peru's native population. From 1571, the year the amalgamation process was introduced to the Andes, to 1575, Peru's silver production quintupled.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1572, in order to provide sufficient labor to accommodate the expansion of silver mining to lower-grade ores, Viceroy Francisco Toledo organized an Indian draft labor system, the <a href="Mit'a" title="Mit'a">mita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system of forced labor was based on the <i>mit'a,</i> a rotating, reciprocal labor obligation instituted in pre-Hispanic Andean society. Under this system, thousands of natives were forced to work in silver and mercury mines for less than subsistence-level wages. Thirteen thousand draft laborers per year worked at the largest mine in the Americas, located at <a href="Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> in modern Bolivia. Native attempts to avoid the mita led to the abandonment of many Indian villages throughout Peru as thousands of Indians either moved permanently to Potosí or fled their traditional <i><a href="Ayllu" title="Ayllu">ayllus</a></i> in order to escape the labor draft.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish monopolization of refining through amalgamation cut natives out of what had earlier been a native-dominated enterprise. Refining represented the most profitable segment of silver production. In conjunction with the mita, the exclusion of natives from owning refineries contributed to the transformation of Peruvian natives into a poorly paid labor force.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The rapid expansion of silver production and coinage—made possible due to the invention of amalgamation—has often been identified as the primary driver of the <a href="Price_revolution" title="Price revolution">price revolution</a>, a period of high <a href="Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> lasting from the sixteenth to early seventeenth-century in Europe. Proponents of this theory argue that Spain's reliance on silver coins from the Americas to finance its large balance of payments deficits resulted in a general expansion of the European money supply and corresponding inflation. Critics of the theory, however, argue that inflation was really a result of European government policies and <a href="Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>While the role of the expansion in silver production in the price revolution may be disputed, this expansion is often acknowledged as a key ingredient in the formation of early-modern world trade. In the 1530s, China decreed that all internal taxation must be paid in silver, driving demand for Spanish American silver and facilitating the development of extensive trade networks linking Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas as Europeans sought to gain access to Chinese wares.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_reaction_mechanism">Chemical reaction mechanism</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<ul><li><a href="Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">Amalgam (chemistry)</a></li>

<li><a href="Dental_amalgam" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental amalgam">Dental amalgam</a></li>

<li><a href="Pan_amalgamation" title="Pan amalgamation">Pan amalgamation</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_fifth" title="Royal fifth">Royal fifth</a></li>

<li><a href="Silver_mining" title="Silver mining">Silver mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFGuerrero2017" class="citation book cs1">Guerrero, Saul (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1036776604"><i>Silver by Fire, Silver by Mercury. A Chemical History of Silver Refining in New Spain and Mexico, 16th to 19th Centuries</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-04-34383-2</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1036776604">1036776604</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Probert, "Bartolomé de Medina: The Patio Process and the Sixteenth Century Silver Crisis" in Bakewell, Peter, ed. <i>Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas</i>. Variorum: Brookfield, 1997, p. 96.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBakewell1984" class="citation cs2">Bakewell, Peter (1984), "Mining in colonial Spanish America", in Bethell, Leslie (ed.), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-latin-america/mining-in-colonial-spanish-america/7CFC97CB096642C5CE6DB79EED7EB43C"><i>Volume 2: Colonial Latin America</i></a></span>, The Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">105–</span>152, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521245166.005">10.1017/chol9780521245166.005</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-24516-6</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-07</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakewell, 109.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Probert, "Bartolomé de Medina: The Patio Process and the Sixteenth Century Silver Crisis" in Bakewell, Peter, ed. <i>Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas</i>. Variorum: Brookfield, 1997, p.102.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Probert, "Bartolomé de Medina: The Patio Process and the Sixteenth Century Silver Crisis" in Bakewell, Peter, ed. <i>Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas</i>. Variorum: Brookfield, 1997, p.107.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Probert, "Bartolomé de Medina: The Patio Process and the Sixteenth Century Silver Crisis" in Bakewell, Peter, ed. <i>Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas</i>. Variorum: Brookfield, 1997, p.109-111.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakewell, 117.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="David_Brading" title="David Brading">D.A. Brading</a> and Harry E. Cross, "Colonial Silver Mining: Mexico and Peru", <i>The Hispanic American Historical Review</i>, Vol. 52, No. 4 (November 1972), pp. 545-579.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Probert, 110-112.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Modesto Bargalló, <i>La amalgamación de lose minerales de plata en Hispanoamérica colonial</i> (Mexico, 1969), 303.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakewell, 118.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakewell, 113.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakewell, 116.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W.H. Dennis (1963) <i>100 Years of Metallurgy</i>, Chicago: Aldine</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakewell, 116.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egleston, Thomas (1883). "The Patio and Cazo Process of Amalgamating Silver Ores.". <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i> 3 (1): 1–66.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brading and Cross, 553-554.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakewell, 116.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBurkholderJohnson2019" class="citation book cs1">Burkholder, Mark A.; Johnson, Lyman L. (2019). <i>Colonial Latin America</i> (Tenth ed.). New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 83. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780190642402</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTutino2018" class="citation book cs1">Tutino, John (2018). "Silver Capitalism and Indigenous Republics: Rebuilding Communities, 1500-1700". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvc774tz"><i>The Mexican Heartland: How Communities Shaped Capitalism, a Nation, and World History, 1500-2000</i></a>. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. p. 75. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvc774tz">10.2307/j.ctvc774tz</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-691-17436-5</bdi>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvc774tz">j.ctvc774tz</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkholder and Johnson, 65.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-desastre-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-desastre_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLang1986" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lang, Mervyn (1986). "El derrumbe de Huancavelica en 1786: Fracaso de una reforma borbónica". <i>Historica</i> (in Spanish). <b>X</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">213–</span>226.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakewell, 120.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brading and Cross, 562.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkholder and Johnson, 154.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkholder and Johnson, 153.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Probert, 97.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkholder and Johnson, 154.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tutino, 73.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakewell, 127.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkholder and Johnson, 154.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakewell, 123.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkholder, 179.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakewell, 76, 81.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brading and Cross, 559.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakewell, 95.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Fisher, "The Price Revolution: A Monetary Interpretation," <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>, Vol. 49, No. 4 (Dec. 1989), 883-884.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis Flynn and Arturo Giráldez, "Born with a 'Silver Spoon': The Origin of World Trade in 1571," <i>Journal of World History</i>, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Fall, 1995), 202-203.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tutino, 71.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;">

<ul><li>Bakewell, Peter J. <i>Silver Mining and Society in Colonial Mexico: Zacatecas, 1540-1700</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press 1971.</li>

<li>Bakewell, Peter J. <i>Miners of the Red Mountain: Indian Labor in Potosí, 1545-1650</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1984.</li>

<li>Bakewell, Peter J., ed. <i>Mining of Gold and Silver in the Americas</i>. Brookfield, VT 1997.</li>

<li><a href="David_Brading" title="David Brading">Brading, D.A.</a> <i>Miners and Merchants in Bourbon Mexico, 1763-1810</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press 1971.</li>

<li>Brading, D.A. and Harry E. Cross. "Colonial Silver Mining: Mexico and Peru." <i>Hispanic American Historical Review</i> 52 (19720): 545–79.</li>

<li>Cole, Jeffrey A. <i>The Potosí Mita</i> 1573–1700. Compulsory Indian Labor in the Andes. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1985.</li>

<li>Hoberman, Louisa. <i>Mexico's Merchant Elite, 1590-1660: Silver, State, and Society</i>. Durham: Duke University Press 1991.</li>

<li>Patterson, C.C. "Silver Stocks and Losses in Ancient and Medieval Times," <i>Economic History Review</i> 25 (1972):205-33,</li>

<li>Richards, J.F., ed. <i>Precious Metals in the later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds</i>. Durham: Duke University Press 1983.</li>

<li>Whitaker, Arthur P. <i>The Huancavelica Mercury Mine</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1941.</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Amalgamation"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Amalgamation">"Amalgamation" </a></span>. <i><a href="The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</cite></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extractive_metallurgy322" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Extractive_metallurgy322" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Extractive_metallurgy" title="Extractive metallurgy">Extractive metallurgy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Metallurgical_assay" title="Metallurgical assay">Metallurgical assay</a> <a href="Non-ferrous_extractive_metallurgy" title="Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy">Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mineral_processing" title="Mineral processing">Mineral processing</a><br><small>(by physical means)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Geological_survey" title="Geological survey">Geological survey</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Economic_geology" title="Economic geology">Economic geology</a></li>

<li><a href="Mineral" title="Mineral">Mineral</a></li>

<li><a href="Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metal</a></li>

<li><a href="Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a>

<ul><li><a href="Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">Surface</a></li>

<li><a href="Underground_mining_(hard_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (hard rock)">Underground in hard rock</a></li>

<li><a href="Underground_mining_(soft_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (soft rock)">Underground in soft rock</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a>

<ul><li><a href="Scrap" title="Scrap">Scrap</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Comminution" title="Comminution">Comminution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stamp_mill" title="Stamp mill">Stamp mill</a></li>

<li><a href="Arrastra" title="Arrastra">Arrastra</a></li>

<li><a href="Crusher" title="Crusher">Crusher</a>

<li><a href="Mill_(grinding)#Pebble_mill" title="Mill (grinding)">Pebble mill</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IsaMill" title="IsaMill">IsaMill</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sizing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ore_sorting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ore sorting">Ore sorting</a></li>

<li><a href="Vanning" title="Vanning">Vanning</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrocyclone" title="Hydrocyclone">Hydrocyclone</a></li>

<li><a href="Trommel_screen" title="Trommel screen">Trommel</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyclonic_separation" title="Cyclonic separation">Cyclonic separation</a></li>

<li><a href="Gyratory_equipment" title="Gyratory equipment">Gyratory equipment</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanical_screening" title="Mechanical screening">Mechanical screening</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ore_concentrate" title="Ore concentrate">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Froth_flotation" title="Froth flotation">Froth flotation</a></li>

<li><a href="Jameson_cell" title="Jameson cell">Jameson cell</a></li>

<li><a href="Gold_panning" title="Gold panning">Panning</a></li>

<li><a href="Jig_concentrators" title="Jig concentrators">Jig concentrators</a></li>

<li><a href="Mineral_processing#Gravity_concentration" title="Mineral processing">Gravity Concentration</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_separation" title="Magnetic separation">Magnetic separation</a> (<a href="Magnetation_(iron_ore)" title="Magnetation (iron ore)">Magnetation</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Rocker_box" title="Rocker box">Rocker box</a></li>

<li><a href="Drywasher" title="Drywasher">Dry washing</a></li>

<li><a href="Buddle_pit" title="Buddle pit">Buddle pit</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pyrometallurgy" title="Pyrometallurgy">Pyrometallurgy</a><br><small>(by heat)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Iron smelting</a></li>

<li><a href="Lead_smelting" title="Lead smelting">Lead smelting</a></li>

<li><a href="Zinc_smelting" title="Zinc smelting">Zinc smelting</a></li>

<li><a href="Flash_smelting" title="Flash smelting">Flash smelting</a></li>

<li><a href="ISASMELT" title="ISASMELT">ISASMELT</a> furnace</li>

<li><a href="Refractory" title="Refractory">Refractory linings</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Refining_(metallurgy)" title="Refining (metallurgy)">Refining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cupellation" title="Cupellation">Cupellation</a></li>

<li><a href="Parkes_process" title="Parkes process">Parkes process</a></li>

<li><a href="Bottom-blown_oxygen_converter" title="Bottom-blown oxygen converter">Bottom-blown oxygen converter</a></li>

<li><a href="Poling_(metallurgy)" title="Poling (metallurgy)">Poling</a></li>

<li><a href="IsaKidd_refining_technology" title="IsaKidd refining technology">IsaKidd process</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Calcination" title="Calcination">Calcination</a></li>

<li><a href="Roasting_(metallurgy)" title="Roasting (metallurgy)">Roasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquation" title="Liquation">Liquation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hydrometallurgy" title="Hydrometallurgy">Hydrometallurgy</a><br><small>(by aqueous solution)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Leaching_(metallurgy)" title="Leaching (metallurgy)">Leaching</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lixiviant" title="Lixiviant">Lixiviant</a></li>

<li><a href="Heap_leaching" title="Heap leaching">Heap leaching</a></li>

<li><a href="Dump_leaching" title="Dump leaching">Dump leaching</a></li>

<li><a href="Tank_leaching" title="Tank leaching">Tank leaching</a></li>

<li><a href="In_situ_leach" title="In situ leach">In situ leaching</a></li>

<li><a href="Newbery%E2%80%93Vautin_chlorination_process" title="Newbery–Vautin chlorination process">Gold chlorination</a></li>

<li><a href="Gold_cyanidation" title="Gold cyanidation">Gold cyanidation</a></li>

<li><a href="Bayer_process" title="Bayer process">Bayer process</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">Amalgamation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Pan_amalgamation" title="Pan amalgamation">Pan amalgamation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Electrometallurgy" title="Electrometallurgy">Electrometallurgy</a><br><small>(by electricity)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Electrolysis16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">Electrolysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Electrowinning" title="Electrowinning">Electrowinning</a></li>

<li><a href="Hall%E2%80%93H%C3%A9roult_process" title="Hall–Héroult process">Hall–Héroult process</a></li>

<li><a href="Castner_process" title="Castner process">Castner process</a></li>

<li><a href="Downs_cell" title="Downs cell">Downs cell</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tailings" title="Tailings">Tailings</a></li>

<li><a href="Gangue" title="Gangue">Gangue</a></li>

<li><a href="Clinker_(waste)" title="Clinker (waste)">Clinker</a></li>

<li><a href="Stamp_sand" title="Stamp sand">Stamp sand</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-24" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Patio_process&oldid=1292053656">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>